Which nervous system is responsible for managing involuntary functions such as breathing and heart rate?

The Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for managing involuntary functions, including vital processes such as breathing and heart rate. It operates automatically, without conscious control, allowing the body to maintain homeostasis and respond to stressors. This system is divided into two main branches: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system activates the body's 'fight or flight' response, increasing heart rate and respiration during stressful situations, while the parasympathetic system promotes 'rest and digest' functions, slowing heart rate and facilitating breathing at rest.

The Somatic Nervous System manages voluntary movements and is involved in controlling skeletal muscles, which is distinct from involuntary functions. The Central Nervous System, comprising the brain and spinal cord, integrates and processes information but does not specifically manage involuntary bodily functions like the Autonomic Nervous System does. The Sympathetic Nervous System is just one component of the Autonomic Nervous System and specifically deals with arousal and energy expenditure, rather than the entire range of involuntary functions.