Which learning theory focuses on the impact of rewards and punishments on behavior?

Behaviorism is the learning theory that emphasizes the significance of rewards and punishments in shaping behavior. This theory primarily asserts that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, which occurs through interactions with the environment. In the context of behaviorism, reinforcement (rewards) increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while punishment decreases this likelihood.

Behaviorists, such as B.F. Skinner, conducted experiments that highlighted how different schedules and types of reinforcement can influence learning and behavior modification. By focusing on observable behaviors and how they are influenced by external stimuli, behaviorism provides a clear framework for understanding how consequences shape actions over time.

In contrast, cognitive learning theory highlights the importance of internal mental processes, such as thoughts and beliefs, in learning. Constructivism centers on the idea that learners construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiences. Social learning theory emphasizes that people can learn new behaviors by observing others, incorporating both cognitive and behavioral elements but not focusing solely on rewards and punishments.